Physical assessment.
Everything you need to know.
Practical guides on performance tests, functional evaluation and tracking tools for sports and health professionals.
Ankle tests: the complete guide to assessing sprains, instability, and injuries (with tables)
The most-used ankle tests for trainers and physios: anterior drawer, Thompson, squeeze, Kleiger, Talar Tilt, Windlass, and more. How to perform them, what they detect, and when to use them.
Postural tests: the complete guide to spotting compensations (with video and tables)
The most-used postural tests for trainers and physios: Adam's test, pelvic tilt, forward head posture, winged scapula, and global postural analysis. How to perform them and what the results mean.
Sport-specific physical tests: complete guide to specific assessments
A complete guide to physical tests organized by sport: agility, speed, endurance, strength-endurance, and injury prevention, with protocol and reference tables for each one.
Functional and injury-prevention tests: complete guide (17 tests)
A complete guide to functional and injury-prevention tests: movement screening, motor control, eccentric strength, and sport/population-specific tests, with a summary table of all 17 tests.
Jump and power tests: complete guide to assessing muscular power (16 tests explained)
A complete guide to the most widely used jump and power tests in sports performance and physical therapy: CMJ, SJ, Drop Jump, Wingate, RSI, force-velocity profile and more. What they measure, when to use them, and how to interpret them.
Maximal strength and muscular endurance tests: complete guide (24 tests)
A complete guide to the most widely used maximal strength and muscular endurance tests for trainers and physical therapists: 1RM, plank, push-ups, pull-ups, dynamometry and more. How to do them and when to choose each one.
Split Squat Assessment: how to evaluate a deep lunge step by step
Protocol for the Split Squat Assessment (deep lunge test): execution, evaluation criteria, and differences from the FMS In-Line Lunge.
Yo-Yo Test (Soccer Variants): Protocol and Reference Tables
How to apply the Yo-Yo Intermittent Endurance Test in soccer players: protocol, levels, distance covered, and reference values by position.
Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test: protocol and benchmark tables for team sports
How to run the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test (levels 1 and 2): protocol, equipment, benchmark tables by level and position, and how to interpret it in team sports.
Yergason's Test: How to Assess the Long Head of the Biceps and Shoulder TFCC
A practical guide to Yergason's test: step-by-step protocol, which shoulder structures it assesses (biceps, transverse ligament), interpretation, and related tests.
Y Balance Test (YBT): protocol, symmetry standards and injury risk
How to perform the Y Balance Test step by step, how to calculate the composite score, and which between-leg differences are associated with higher injury risk.
Upper Quarter Y Balance Test: Protocol and Reference Values
How to perform the Upper Quarter Y Balance Test: protocol for the 3 reach directions, composite score calculation, and its use in shoulder assessment.
Wingate Test: How to Assess Anaerobic Power on a Bike
A practical guide to the Wingate Anaerobic Test: 30-second protocol, what peak power and mean power are, and how to interpret the fatigue index.
Windlass Test: How to Detect Plantar Fasciitis
Protocol for the Windlass test to assess the plantar fascia: how to perform it in passive and weight-bearing versions, what a positive result means, and how to track it.
Wilson Test: How to Detect Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Femoral Condyle
Protocol for the Wilson Test for knee osteochondritis dissecans: progressive internal rotation extension and relief with external rotation.
Valsalva Test for the Spine: How to Detect Increased Intrathecal Pressure
Protocol for the Valsalva test applied to lumbar spine assessment: how to perform it, what a positive result indicates, and why it's a warning sign.
Ventilatory Threshold Test (VT1/VT2): What They Are, How They're Detected, and What They're For
What the first and second ventilatory thresholds (VT1 and VT2) are, how they're identified in a graded exercise test with gas analysis, and how to use them to define training zones.
Lactate Threshold Test: Protocol, Training Zones, and How to Interpret It
How to perform a lactate threshold test in the lab or in the field, what LT1 and LT2 represent, and how to use them to define training zones.
Running Threshold Test (Anaerobic Threshold): How to Do It and What It's For
A guide to the anaerobic threshold test for runners: field protocol, heart rate, threshold pace, and how to use it to plan training.
Trendelenburg Test: how to detect gluteus medius weakness
Trendelenburg test protocol for assessing pelvic stability and gluteus medius strength during single-leg stance. Interpretation and common mistakes.
Sacroiliac Distraction/Compression Test: a protocol to provoke SI joint pain
How to perform the sacroiliac compression and distraction tests, what they indicate, and how to combine them with other tests to confirm sacroiliac dysfunction.
Toe Touch Test: a quick visual check of posterior chain flexibility
How to use the Toe Touch Test as a visual screen for posterior chain flexibility: protocol, what to look for, and how to pair it with more precise tests.
Tinetti Test (Balance and Gait): Protocol, Scoring, and Fall Risk
How to administer the Tinetti Balance and Gait test, how each item is scored, and what total score indicates fall risk in older adults.
Tinel's Sign at the Foot and Ankle: How to Detect Nerve Entrapment
Practical guide to Tinel's sign at the foot and ankle: protocol for examining the posterior tibial nerve, what a positive result means, and when to refer.
Timed Up and Go Test (TUG): Protocol, Reference Times, and Fall Risk
How to perform the Timed Up and Go Test step by step, which times indicate fall risk in older adults, and how to track it in your functional assessment.
Thompson Test: How to Detect an Achilles Tendon Rupture
Step-by-step protocol for the Thompson test (calf squeeze test) to rule out a complete Achilles tendon rupture, with interpretation and common mistakes.
Thomas Test: How to Assess Hip Flexor Tightness
A practical guide to the Thomas Test: step-by-step protocol for detecting tightness in the iliopsoas, rectus femoris, and tensor fasciae latae.
Thessaly Test: The Weight-Bearing Functional Test for Meniscus Injuries
How to perform the Thessaly test for meniscus injuries: weight-bearing protocol at 5° and 20° of flexion, and why it's useful when table-based tests are inconclusive.
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) Test: How to Estimate It and What It's For
What basal metabolic rate (BMR) is, how to estimate it using formulas or bioimpedance, and how to use it to fine-tune your clients' nutrition.
Sulcus Sign Test: How to Assess Inferior Shoulder Instability
A practical guide to the Sulcus Sign Test: protocol, what the 'sulcus' below the acromion indicates, grading interpretation, and related tests.
Functional Step Test: how to measure cardiovascular fitness by climbing stairs
Protocol for the functional step test (stair-climbing test): how to measure it, calculate the recovery index, and what it says about overall fitness.
Step Test (Harvard Step Test): protocol, physical efficiency index, and tables
How to perform the Harvard Step Test step by step, calculate the physical efficiency index (PEI), and what the results say about cardiovascular recovery capacity.
Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT): 8-direction protocol and reference standards
How to perform the Star Excursion Balance Test step by step, the 8 reach directions, normalization by leg length, and differences between the SEBT and the Y Balance Test.
Squeeze Test: how to detect an ankle syndesmosis injury
Protocol for the squeeze test to assess the tibiofibular syndesmosis: how to perform it, what a positive result means, and why this sprain takes longer to heal.
40-Yard Dash: protocol, tables, and comparison with other tests
How to measure the 40-yard dash (36.6 meters): equipment, starting technique, and reference values by sport and position.
30-Meter Sprint Test: protocol, tables, and how to interpret it
How to measure linear speed with the 30-meter sprint test: equipment, timing gates, and reference values by sport.
Speed's Test: how to assess the long head of the biceps in the shoulder
Practical guide to Speed's Test: step-by-step protocol, what structure it assesses, how to interpret the result, and related shoulder tests.
Slump Test: how to detect neural tension in the lumbar spine
Complete protocol for the Slump Test to assess nervous system tension, its relationship to sciatica, and how to interpret the result.
Sit and Reach Test: how to measure hamstring and lower back flexibility
Practical guide to the Sit and Reach Test: protocol, equipment needed, and reference values by age and sex for interpreting the result.
Bodyweight Squat Test: maximum repetitions protocol
How to assess lower body muscular endurance with the bodyweight squat test: protocol, common mistakes, and reference tables.
Scour Test: how to perform it to assess hip joint health
Protocol for the Scour test (or hip quadrant test) to detect intra-articular issues: crepitus, pain, and limited motion under compression.
Schober Test: how to measure lumbar mobility in flexion
Practical guide to the Schober Test: measuring protocol with a tape measure, reference values, and when to refer for medical assessment.
Modified Schober Test: how to measure lumbar spine mobility
Modified Schober test protocol for quantifying lumbar flexion in centimeters. Reference values and its use in spondyloarthritis screening.
Triple Hop Test: protocol and reference values
How to perform the single-leg Triple Hop Test: protocol, limb symmetry index, and when to use it in sports rehab.
Squat Jump Test: what it is and how to use it
Squat Jump Test (SJ) protocol: how to measure pure concentric explosive strength, differences from the CMJ, and what the gap between the two jumps means.
Rebound Jump Test: how to assess power endurance
Rebound Jump Test protocol: continuous vertical jumps over a set time, how to measure performance drop-off, and what the result tells you.
Side Hop Test: protocol and reference values
How to perform the side hop test to assess knee and ankle control, with symmetry criteria and return-to-sport guidelines.
Standing Long Jump Test: protocol and reference values
How to perform the Standing Long Jump Test: equipment, execution technique, common mistakes, and reference tables by age and sex.
Crossover Hop Test: protocol for return to sport
How to perform the crossover hop test: protocol, Limb Symmetry Index, and its role in return to sport after injury.
Loaded Jump Test: how to measure power under resistance
Loaded Jump Test protocol: how to assess power with external loads (barbell, weighted vest), what loads to use, and how to interpret the power curve.
Drop Jump Test: protocol and how to calculate the RSI
How to perform the Drop Jump Test: step-by-step protocol, differences from the CMJ and Squat Jump, and how to use it to calculate the Reactive Strength Index.
Single Leg Jump Test: Protocol and Limb Symmetry
How to perform the Single Leg Jump Test: step-by-step protocol, calculating the limb symmetry index, and when to use it in return-to-sport assessments.
Single Leg Hop Test: the key functional test for return to sport after ACL injury
How to use the single leg hop test to assess the Limb Symmetry Index (LSI) before returning to full training after an ACL injury.
Romberg Test: Protocol, Interpretation, and Distinguishing Vestibular from Proprioceptive Origin
How to perform the Romberg test step by step, what a positive Romberg means, and how to distinguish a vestibular problem from a proprioceptive one.
Romberg Test on Unstable Surface (Foam): Protocol and Differences from the Classic Romberg
How to perform the Romberg test on an unstable surface or foam pad, what it adds compared to the classic Romberg, and how to interpret results in proprioceptive assessment.
Rockport Walk Test (1-Mile Walk): Protocol and VO2max Formula
How to do the Rockport Walk Test by walking 1 mile, ideal for untrained populations, older adults, or people with limitations for running. Formula and tables.
Isometric Muscular Endurance Test (Wall Sit): Protocol and Reference Tables
How to apply the wall sit test to assess isometric endurance of the quadriceps: step-by-step protocol and reference tables by age and sex.
Tennis-Specific Endurance Test (Hit and Turn Tennis Test): Guide
How to apply the Hit and Turn Tennis Test to assess specific endurance in tennis players: protocol, equipment, and interpretation.
Soccer-Specific Endurance Test (Bangsbo Sprint Test): Complete Guide
How to apply the Bangsbo Sprint Test to assess soccer players' specific endurance: protocol, equipment, and benchmarks by position.
Abdominal Endurance Test (Curl-Up / Sit-Up Test): Protocol and Reference Tables
How to apply the curl-up or sit-up test to assess abdominal muscular endurance, with a step-by-step protocol and reference tables by age and sex.
Relocation Test: Confirming Anterior Shoulder Instability
Practical guide to the Relocation Test: protocol, how to combine it with the apprehension test, and what each combination of results means.
Reaction Time Test: How to Measure It and Why It Predicts Injury Risk
Practical guide to the reaction time test: protocol using lights or an app, reference values, and its connection to sports injury prevention.
Waist-to-Hip Ratio (WHR) Test: Protocol and Cardiovascular Risk Values
How to calculate the waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), which anatomical landmarks to measure, and how to interpret the result in relation to cardiovascular risk.
RAST Test (Running-based Anaerobic Sprint Test): Protocol and Power Calculation
How to apply the RAST test to assess anaerobic capacity through 6 sprints of 35 meters, with power formulas and a fatigue index.
Cardiac Stress Test: What It Is, How It's Done, and When It's Necessary
Guide to the cardiac stress test (exercise ECG): protocol, what it measures (ECG, blood pressure, oxygen consumption), when to refer a client, and how to interpret the report.
Knee Proprioception Test (Joint Position Sense): Protocol and Error Values
How to assess knee joint position sense (Joint Position Sense Test) step by step, what angular error is considered normal, and when to work on specific proprioception.
Overhead Press 1RM Test: Protocol, Tables, and Common Mistakes
How to calculate or estimate 1RM in the overhead press (military press), step-by-step protocol, reference tables, and why it matters for shoulder health.
Cycling Sprint Peak Power Test: Protocol and Reference Values
How to measure peak power in a cycling sprint: equipment, protocol using a power meter or smart trainer, and reference tables by W/kg.
Vertical Jump Power Test (Sargent Jump): The Timeless Classic
How to perform the Sargent Jump Test (classic vertical jump with wall mark): protocol, minimal equipment, and reference tables by age and sex.
Rowing Power Test: Protocol and Reference Values
How to perform the rowing ergometer power test: short maximal effort protocol, what peak watts means, and how to use it for pulling sports.
Power Clean Test: How to Assess It
Protocol for assessing power through the power clean: technique, test load, velocity tracking, and reference values by level.
Ball Kicking Speed Test: Protocol and Reference Values by Level
How to measure ball speed after a kick in soccer: equipment needed, measurement protocol, and reference tables by category and position.
Repeated Jump Anaerobic Power Test: Protocol and How to Interpret It
How to assess anaerobic power through series of repeated jumps with short rest periods, differences from the Rebound Jump Test, and reference values.
Plank Test: How to Assess Core Endurance Step by Step
Protocol for the isometric plank test to assess core muscular endurance, reference tables by age and sex, and common execution mistakes.
Pivot Shift Test: how to assess ACL instability
Protocol for the Pivot Shift Test for ACL injuries: how to perform it, what 'shift' sensation to look for, and why it's key in knee instability assessment.
FADIR Test: how to assess femoroacetabular impingement of the hip
Protocol for the FADIR test (flexion, adduction, and internal rotation) to detect femoroacetabular impingement. When to refer and how to interpret it alongside other hip tests.
Body Circumference Measurements: how to measure and track physical progress
A complete protocol for measuring body circumferences (waist, hips, arm, thigh, etc.), the correct anatomical landmarks, and how to use them for real progress tracking.
Force-Velocity Profile: how to build it and what it's for
What the force-velocity (F-V) profile is, how it's built from jumps with progressive loads, and how to use it to individualize power training.
Hurdle Step Test: how to assess hip mobility and stability
Protocol for the hurdle step test: what it evaluates, scoring criteria, and common mistakes in the stepping pattern.
Overhead Squat Assessment: the global movement screen with arms overhead
What the Overhead Squat Assessment is, how it differs from the FMS Deep Squat, and how to use it to detect compensations in the ankle, hip, spine, and shoulder.
O'Brien's Test (SLAP): how to assess the labrum and AC joint
Practical guide to O'Brien's test, also known as the Active Compression Test: protocol, what structures it assesses (labrum, AC joint), interpreting pain by location, and related tests.
Ober's Test: how to assess iliotibial band tightness
Practical guide to the Ober Test: a step-by-step protocol for detecting tightness or shortening of the iliotibial band and tensor fasciae latae.
Noble's Test: how to detect iliotibial band syndrome (runner's knee)
Protocol for Noble's compression test for iliotibial band syndrome: how to reproduce the lateral knee pain typical of runners and cyclists.
Neer's Test: how to assess subacromial shoulder impingement
Practical guide to Neer's Impingement Test: protocol, what structures it assesses, how to interpret it, and when to combine it with other shoulder tests.
Mulder's Test: how to detect Morton's neuroma
Protocol for Mulder's click test to detect Morton's neuroma: how to perform it, what the 'click' means, and when to refer for further evaluation.
Heel Drop Test: How to Assess Ankle Mobility and Strength
Heel Drop Test protocol: execution, criteria for assessing eccentric calf strength, and ankle mobility.
Thoracic Mobility Test (Rotation)
How to measure thoracic spine rotation with the quadruped rotation test: protocol, reference values, and its impact on the shoulder and lower back.
Functional Mobility Test for Swimmers (Combined Elevation Test)
How to perform the Combined Elevation Test to assess the overhead shoulder mobility needed for freestyle, backstroke, and butterfly, and detect lower back compensations.
Ankle Mobility Test (Weight-Bearing Lunge / Dorsiflexion)
How to measure weight-bearing ankle dorsiflexion with the Weight-Bearing Lunge Test: protocol, reference values, and why it matters for squatting and running.
Wrist Mobility Test: Flexion, Extension, and Deviations
How to assess wrist mobility with a goniometer: flexion, extension, radial/ulnar deviation, and pronation-supination, key for weightlifting, calisthenics, and CrossFit.
Shoulder Mobility Test (Apley Scratch Test)
How to perform the Apley Scratch Test to quickly assess combined shoulder mobility: protocol, common mistakes, and interpretation.
Wall Shoulder Mobility Test (Wall Slide Test)
How to perform the Wall Slide Test to assess shoulder mobility, scapular control, and thoracic mobility together, with protocol and common mistakes.
Cervical Spine Mobility Test: Flexion, Extension, and Rotations
How to assess cervical mobility with a goniometer or through functional movements: flexion, extension, rotation, and lateral flexion, with reference values.
90/90 Hip Mobility Test
How to assess hip internal and external rotation with the 90/90 test: protocol, interpretation, and key differences from the FABER test.
Mile Run Test: Protocol, Formulas, and VO2max Tables
How to administer the timed mile run test (1,609 m): protocol, formulas to estimate VO2max, and reference tables by age and fitness level. A quick alternative to the Cooper test.
McMurray Test: How to Detect Meniscus Injuries with This Classic Maneuver
Step-by-step protocol for the McMurray test for meniscus injuries: combining flexion, rotation, and valgus/varus stress, and how to interpret a painful click.
Gait Analysis: how to do a complete gait test step by step
Practical guide to gait analysis: what phases to observe, common mistakes, and how to interpret asymmetries to prevent injuries.
Tandem Gait Test: protocol, failure criteria, and value in neurological assessment
How to perform the tandem gait test (heel-to-toe) step by step, what number of steps is considered normal, and what an altered result indicates.
Weight-Bearing Lunge Test: how to measure ankle dorsiflexion under load
Protocol for the weight-bearing lunge test to measure ankle dorsiflexion under load, with reference values in cm and degrees and its relation to injuries.
Log Roll Test: how to assess passive hip rotation
Protocol for the log roll test (rolling test) to passively assess the internal and external rotation range of the hip, without active muscular influence.
Lift-Off Test (Gerber): how to assess the subscapularis
Practical guide to the Gerber Lift-Off test: protocol, which muscle it assesses, how to interpret it, alternatives (Belly Press), and what tests to combine it with.
Lhermitte's Sign: how to spot this cervical neurological red flag
What Lhermitte's sign is, how it's assessed, why it's considered a neurological red flag, and when to refer immediately.
Lever Sign Test (Lelli Test): a simple alternative for assessing the ACL
How to perform the Lever Sign Test (Lelli test) for the anterior cruciate ligament: protocol with a fist under the knee and the heel-rise sign.
30-Second Sit to Stand Test: protocol and normative values
How to apply the 30-Second Sit to Stand Test to measure functional leg strength in older adults, with normative value tables by age and sex.
Medicine Ball Throw Test: how to assess upper-body power
Protocol for the Medicine Ball Throw Test: equipment, technique, common mistakes, and reference values by sex and level.
Lachman Test: the most reliable test for detecting an ACL tear
How to correctly perform the Lachman test for the anterior cruciate ligament: protocol, comparing end-feel, and when to refer for imaging.
Jobe Test (Empty Can Test): how to assess the supraspinatus step by step
Practical guide to the Jobe test or Empty Can Test: protocol, what rotator cuff structure it assesses, how to interpret pain and weakness, and when to refer.
Reactive Strength Index (RSI): What It Is and How to Calculate It
What the Reactive Strength Index (RSI) is, how it's calculated from the Drop Jump, what values are normal, and how to use it to program plyometrics.
Talar Tilt Test: Assessing Ankle Stability
Protocol for the talar tilt test to assess the ligamentous stability of the ankle, especially the calcaneofibular ligament: how to perform and interpret it.
BMI Test (Body Mass Index): How to Calculate and Interpret It
How to calculate body mass index (BMI), the official classification table, and why this test has important limitations in athletic populations.
Hawkins-Kennedy Test: How to Assess Shoulder Subacromial Impingement
Practical guide to the Hawkins-Kennedy test: protocol, which structures it assesses, how to interpret it, and which other shoulder tests to combine it with.
General Joint Goniometry: A Reference Guide for Measuring ROM
Practical goniometry guide: how to position the goniometer, measurement technique, and normative range-of-motion values for the main joints.
Gillet's Test: How to Assess Sacroiliac Joint Mobility
Protocol for Gillet's test (stork test) to assess sacroiliac joint mobility and its relationship with lumbopelvic pain.
Gaenslen's Test: Pain Provocation at the Sacroiliac Joint
Protocol for Gaenslen's test to provoke sacroiliac pain through combined stress on both hips. How to interpret it and which tests to combine it with.
Functional Movement Screen (FMS): The 7-Test Battery for Injury Risk Assessment
Complete guide to the Functional Movement Screen (FMS): the 7 movement patterns, how they're scored, the total /21 score, and what to do with the result.
Unilateral Glute Strength Test (Single Leg Glute Bridge Test): Protocol and Reference Tables
How to assess unilateral strength-endurance of the glutes with the single leg glute bridge test: protocol, asymmetries to watch for, and reference tables.
Unilateral Calf Strength Test (Calf Raise Test): Protocol and Reference Tables
How to assess unilateral strength-endurance of the triceps surae with the calf raise test, step-by-step protocol and reference tables.
Forearm Strength-Endurance Test (Dead Hang): Protocol and Reference Tables
How to measure grip endurance with the dead hang test: protocol, reference times by sex and level, and its importance in climbing and pulling sports.
Upper Body Max Strength Test (Bench Press 1RM Prediction)
How to estimate upper body maximum strength using a submaximal test and prediction formulas, without needing to perform an actual 1RM.
Isometric Quadriceps Strength Test: Protocol and Reference Values
How to measure maximum isometric quadriceps strength with a dynamometer, its use in knee rehabilitation, and reference values by sex.
Squeeze Test: How to Measure Isometric Adductor Strength
Squeeze test protocol (isometric adductor strength test) to assess adductor strength, groin pain, and groin injury risk in field sports.
Isokinetic Strength Test: What It Is, How It's Done, and When to Use It
What an isokinetic strength test is, how it's performed with an isokinetic dynamometer, what data it provides (peak torque, ratios), and when it's indicated.
Lower Body Explosive Strength Test: A Quick Jump Battery for Fast Assessments
How to set up a quick lower body explosive strength assessment combining vertical and horizontal jumps, with reference tables and common mistakes to avoid.
Single Leg CMJ Test: Protocol and Symmetry Assessment
How to perform the Single Leg Countermovement Jump test: step-by-step protocol, calculating the limb symmetry index for vertical jump, and when to use it in return-to-sport.
Nordic Hamstring Test: How to Measure Eccentric Strength and Prevent Injuries
Protocol for the eccentric hamstring strength test (Nordic Hamstring Test): execution, reference values in N, and its role in preventing muscle injuries.
Pinch Grip Strength Test: Protocol and Reference Tables
How to measure pinch grip strength with a dynamometer, step-by-step protocol for lateral, palmar, and tip pinch, and its role in hand rehabilitation.
Leg Strength Test (Leg Press 1RM): Protocol and Reference Tables
How to safely calculate your 1RM on the leg press, with protocol, reference tables, and when to use it instead of the squat.
Gluteus Medius Strength Test (Trendelenburg): Protocol and What It Means
How to perform and interpret the Trendelenburg test to assess gluteus medius strength, its relationship to pelvic control, and injury risk.
Deep Neck Flexor Strength Test: Endurance Protocol
Protocol for the Deep Neck Flexor Endurance Test to assess the endurance of the deep neck flexor muscles. Reference values and practical application.
Neck Strength Test: Protocol and Why It Matters
How to assess isometric neck muscle strength with the neck strength test, its importance in contact sports, and reference tables.
Sorensen Core Strength Test: Protocol and Reference Tables
How to apply the Sorensen test to assess the endurance of the lower back extensor muscles, with protocol and reference tables.
Grip Strength Test (Dynamometry): Protocol, Tables, and Why It Matters
How to measure grip strength with a hand dynamometer: standard protocol, reference values by age and sex, and its relationship with general health and performance.
FTP Test (Functional Threshold Power): 20-Minute Protocol and Power Zones
How to calculate FTP (Functional Threshold Power) in cycling using the 20-minute protocol, and how to use it to set power-based training zones.
Parallel Bar Dip Test: Protocol and Reference Tables
How to assess upper-body pushing strength-endurance (triceps and chest) with the parallel bar dip test: protocol, common mistakes, and reference tables.
Push-Up Test: Protocol and Reference Tables
How to apply the push-up test to assess upper-body muscular endurance, with a step-by-step protocol and reference tables by age and sex.
General Shoulder Flexibility Test (Goniometry)
How to use a goniometer to measure shoulder range of motion (flexion, extension, abduction, internal/external rotation) and compare with normative values.
Active Knee Extension (AKE) Test: How to Measure Hamstring Flexibility
Protocol for the Active Knee Extension Test (90/90 SLR): how to perform it, common mistakes, and reference values for assessing hamstring flexibility.
Ely's Test (Quadriceps/Rectus Femoris Flexibility)
How to perform Ely's test to assess rectus femoris flexibility: protocol, positive sign, and its relationship with anterior knee pain.
FIFA 11+ Test: how to use it to prevent injuries in soccer
The FIFA 11+ program as a screening tool: protocol, what it assesses, common mistakes, and how to interpret the results to reduce injury risk.
FABER (Patrick) Test: how to perform it step by step to detect hip problems
Practical guide to the FABER test, also known as Patrick's test: protocol, which structures it assesses (hip, sacroiliac, adductors), and how to interpret pain based on its location.
FABER Test for hip mobility (Patrick's test, mobility approach)
How to perform the FABER test (Patrick's test) to assess flexibility of the hip adductors, external rotators, and the sacroiliac joint, with protocol and interpretation.
Valgus/Varus Stress Test for the knee: how to assess the collateral ligaments
Protocol for the valgus and varus stress test for the medial (MCL) and lateral (LCL) collateral ligaments of the knee, in extension and at 30° of flexion.
Rotary Stability Test: assessing core control in a cross-body pattern
How to perform the Rotary Stability Test: step-by-step protocol, 0-3 scoring, and what it tells you about trunk control in the transverse plane.
Winged scapula test: how to spot it and why it matters in shoulder training
How to identify a winged scapula, its connection to the serratus anterior and trapezius, and what to do when it shows up in your assessments.
Single-Leg Balance Test (One-Leg Stand): Protocol and Reference Times by Age
How to perform the single-leg balance test step by step, normative times by age and sex, and how to use it to detect asymmetries between legs.
Unstable Surface Balance Test (BOSU): Protocol and Progressions
How to assess balance on a BOSU step by step, which progressions to use depending on the athlete's level, and how to record results for tracking.
Eyes-Closed Balance Test (Single-Leg): Protocol and What the Difference vs. Eyes-Open Means
How to perform the eyes-closed single-leg balance test step by step, how to interpret the drop in time compared to eyes-open, and what systems it evaluates.
Straight Leg Raise Test (Lasègue): Protocol and How to Interpret It
How to perform the Lasègue test (Straight Leg Raise) step by step: protocol, pain onset angle, and differentiating between neural and muscular origin.
Active Straight Leg Raise Test (ASLR): Flexibility and Core Control
How to perform the Active Straight Leg Raise (ASLR): protocol, what it evaluates beyond hamstring flexibility, and how to interpret it in hip and low back assessments.
Metabolic Age Test: What It Is, How It's Calculated, and What the Result Means
How metabolic age is calculated, which factors influence it, and why it can be a powerful motivational tool (when interpreted correctly).
Running economy test: what it is and how to assess it in runners
How to estimate a runner's running economy: field protocol, relative oxygen consumption, and its relationship to performance.
Pull-Up Test: protocol, tables, and variations
How to assess upper-body pulling strength-endurance with the pull-up test: protocol, valid rep criteria, and reference tables by sex and level.
Cervical distraction test: how to relieve (and diagnose) radicular pain
Protocol for the cervical distraction test to assess radicular pain in the cervical spine: how it's performed and what it means if symptoms improve with traction.
Bone density test (DEXA) in sports settings: what it offers and when to recommend it
What a DEXA scan is, what body composition and bone density information it provides for athletes, and how it fits alongside other tests in your tracking.
FMS Deep Squat: how to perform and score this movement pattern
Guide to the Deep Squat Assessment, the first test in the Functional Movement Screen: protocol, 0-3 scoring, and differences from the Overhead Squat Assessment.
Adam's Forward Bend Test: Step-by-Step Guide to Screening for Scoliosis
A practical guide to the Adam's Forward Bend Test: protocol, what a rib hump is, when to refer out, and how to track it in your assessments.
Craig's Test: how to measure femoral anteversion step by step
Protocol for Craig's test to estimate the degree of femoral anteversion, its relationship to hip rotation, and why it matters in knee assessments and sports technique.
1.5 Mile Run Test: protocol and VO2max estimation
How to perform the 1.5 mile (2,400 m) run test to estimate VO2max, a shorter alternative to the Cooper test widely used in military and police fitness tests.
Course Navette / Léger Test (Beep Test): protocol, levels, and VO2max table
How to run the Course Navette test (Beep Test, Léger test) in 20-meter shuttles, including the levels and shuttles table and the VO2max estimate.
Cooper Test (12 minutes): protocol, tables, and how to estimate VO2max
How to perform the 12-minute Cooper test, the formula for estimating VO2max from the distance covered, and reference tables by age and sex.
Modified SEBT: ankle motor control and balance test
Protocol for the modified Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) to assess ankle motor control and functional stability, with reference values.
Shoulder Motor Control Test (Scapular Dyskinesis): How to Assess It
Practical guide to the scapular dyskinesis test: dynamic observation protocol, alteration patterns, how to interpret it, and which tests to combine it with.
Cervical Motor Control Test (Craniocervical Flexion Test): How to Assess It
Protocol for the craniocervical flexion test (CCFT) to assess motor control of the deep neck flexors, very useful in mechanical neck pain.
Side Plank Test: Protocol and Reference Tables
How to assess lateral core stability with the side plank test: protocol, asymmetries to watch for, and reference tables by sex.
Step Down Test: How to Assess Eccentric Quadriceps Control
Protocol for the step down test to evaluate eccentric quadriceps control and detect dynamic knee valgus.
Trunk Control Test: How to Assess Trunk Control in Rehabilitation
Protocol for the trunk control test: which movements to assess, how to score them, and their relationship with core stability.
Drop Vertical Jump Test: How to Assess Landing Control and Prevent Knee Injuries
Protocol for the Drop Vertical Jump Test: execution, visual criteria for dynamic valgus, and its role in ACL injury prevention.
Conconi Test: How to Estimate the Anaerobic Threshold with an Incremental Test
Protocol for the Conconi test to estimate the anaerobic threshold using the heart rate deflection point, with interpretation tables.
Kleiger Test: How to Detect Syndesmosis Injuries with External Rotation
Protocol for the Kleiger test (external rotation ankle test) to assess the syndesmosis and deltoid ligament, with practical interpretation.
IRRST (Internal Rotation Resisted Strength Test): Subscapularis and Posterior Cuff Strength
Practical guide to the Internal Rotation Resisted Strength Test (IRRST): protocol, what structures it assesses, how to interpret it, and differences from Hawkins-Kennedy.
Spurling Test (Cervical Compression): How to Detect Cervical Radiculopathy
Protocol for the Spurling test, or cervical compression test, to identify cervical radiculopathy. Steps, precautions, and how to interpret a positive result.
Skinfold Body Composition Test: Protocol and Formulas
Practical guide to the skinfold test: equipment, step-by-step protocol, the most-used formulas, and how to interpret body fat percentage.
Clarke Test (Patellar Grind Test): How to Assess Anterior Knee Pain
Protocol for the Clarke test or patellar grind test for patellofemoral pain: how to perform it and what a positive grind sign means.
Incremental Treadmill Running Test: Protocol, VO2max, and Ventilatory Thresholds
How to design and run an incremental treadmill test to assess VO2max, ventilatory thresholds, and maximal aerobic speed, with or without a gas analyzer.
Timed 5K Run Test: How to Use It to Track Your Progress
How to use the 5K time trial as a fitness assessment for runners: protocol, training zone estimates, and benchmark times by level.
SPPB (Short Physical Performance Battery): Functional Capacity Test for Older Adults
How to administer the SPPB, the gold-standard battery for assessing functional capacity in older adults: balance, gait speed, and chair stands.
Repeated Sprint Ability (RSA) Test: Protocol and How to Interpret It
How to assess repeated sprint ability (RSA) in team sports: protocol, fatigue index, and benchmark values.
Posterior Drawer Test: How to Assess the Posterior Cruciate Ligament
Posterior drawer test protocol for the PCL: how to tell it apart from false anterior instability and what a positive result means.
Anterior Drawer Test for the Ankle: Assessing the Anterior Talofibular Ligament
Protocol for the anterior drawer test of the ankle: how to assess the integrity of the anterior talofibular ligament after a sprain and what a positive result means.
Anterior Drawer Test for the Knee: Protocol for Assessing the ACL
How to perform the anterior drawer test for the knee to assess the anterior cruciate ligament: protocol at 90° of flexion and differences from the Lachman test.
Running Cadence and Technique Test: How to Assess It Step by Step
How to measure stride cadence and analyze running technique: protocol, video analysis, and cadence reference values.
Forward Head Posture Test: How to Measure It and What to Do About It
Learn how to assess forward head posture, a common issue caused by phone and screen use: protocol, reference values, and its link to neck pain.
Bruce Protocol (treadmill test): how it's done and what clinical information it provides
The Bruce protocol on a treadmill: stages, estimated test duration, and its use in cardiac stress tests and fitness assessments.
Drop Arm Test: how to detect large rotator cuff tears
Practical guide to the Drop Arm Test: protocol, what a positive result indicates, approximate sensitivity and specificity, and when to refer out.
Bragard's Test: how to confirm a positive Lasègue and rule out muscular pain
Protocol for Bragard's test, a follow-up to the Lasègue test to differentiate neural tension from muscular tension in radiating low back pain.
Bioelectrical Impedance (BIA): how it works and how to interpret it correctly
What bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is, how to take the measurement correctly, and how to read body fat %, muscle mass, and body water results.
Berg Balance Scale: protocol, scoring, and fall risk
How to administer the Berg Balance Scale step by step, how its 14 items are scored, and what total score indicates fall risk.
'Murph' as a CrossFit benchmark: protocol and how to track your progress
How to turn the 'Murph' WOD (1 mile + 100 pull-ups + 200 push-ups + 300 squats + 1 mile) into an endurance and strength-endurance test.
'Fran' as a CrossFit benchmark: how to use it to track progress
Turn the 'Fran' WOD (thrusters + pull-ups, 21-15-9) into a benchmark test: protocol, common mistakes, and time tables by level.
Pelvic Tilt Test: How to Identify Anterior and Posterior Pelvic Tilt
How to assess pelvic tilt (anterior and posterior), its link to postural low back pain, and what to do once you've identified it. Protocol and reference values.
Astrand Test (cycle ergometer): submaximal protocol and VO2max estimation
How to run the Astrand-Rhyming test on a stationary bike to estimate VO2max from a submaximal effort, with age-correction tables.
Painful Arc Test: how to locate the source of shoulder pain by range of motion
Practical guide to the painful arc test: protocol, how to identify the abduction range where pain occurs, and which structure each range points to.
Apprehension Test: How to Assess Anterior Shoulder Instability
A practical guide to the Apprehension Test: step-by-step protocol, what sensation to look for, interpretation, and why you should always pair it with the relocation test.
Patellar Apprehension Test: how to assess patellar instability
Patellar apprehension test (Fairbank) protocol: how to detect a history of patellar dislocation or subluxation through lateral displacement.
Apley's Compression-Rotation Test: How to Detect Knee Meniscus Injuries
Apley's test protocol for the meniscus: how to combine compression, distraction, and rotation, and what a positive result means in each knee compartment.
T-Test for Agility: Protocol and Reference Values
How to run the T-test for agility: T-shaped circuit, equipment, timing, and benchmark values for team sports.
Illinois Agility Test: Full Protocol and Reference Tables
How to run the Illinois Agility Test: course setup, equipment, timing, and reference values by sport and level.
Adson's Test: Assessing Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS)
Adson's test protocol for thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS): steps, how to detect pulse changes, and what a positive result means.
6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT): Clinical Protocol and Reference Tables
How to administer the 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT), one of the most widely used functional tests in physical therapy and cardiorespiratory rehab, with normative values.
5-10-5 Test (Pro Agility Shuttle): Protocol and Reference Tables
How to run the 5-10-5 test (Pro Agility Shuttle): course setup, timing, and reference values by sport.
2000m Row Test: Protocol, 500m Splits, and Performance Benchmarks
How to apply the 2000-meter rowing ergometer test, one of the benchmark tests in rowing and CrossFit, with pace and power reference charts.
1RM Squat Test: How to Calculate It Safely and Accurately
A protocol for estimating or calculating your 1RM squat (back squat), with direct and indirect methods, reference charts, and mistakes to avoid.
1RM Bench Press Test: How to Do It and What It Says About Your Push Strength
A safe protocol for calculating or estimating your 1RM bench press, with reference charts by level and sex, and common mistakes when testing it.
1RM Deadlift Test: Safe Protocol and Reference Charts
How to calculate or estimate your 1RM deadlift safely, with a step-by-step protocol, reference charts by level, and common mistakes to avoid.
12-Minute Swim Test (Swim Cooper Test): Protocol and Assessment
How to apply the aquatic version of the Cooper test to assess endurance in swimmers, with reference tables for distance covered in 12 minutes.
Knee Tests: The Complete Guide to Assessing the Meniscus, Ligaments, and Patella
The 14 most commonly used knee tests by trainers and physical therapists: ACL (Lachman, Pivot Shift, Lever), meniscus (McMurray, Apley, Thessaly), patella (Clarke, apprehension), and more. How to choose the right one and what each result means.
Cardiovascular Endurance Tests: The Complete Guide (19 Tests, Protocols & Tables)
The 19 most widely used cardiovascular endurance tests in training and health: Cooper, Beep Test, Yo-Yo, FTP, lactate threshold, and more. How to choose the right one for your context.
Mobility and Flexibility Tests: The Complete Guide for Trainers and Physical Therapists
The 21 most useful mobility and flexibility tests for functional assessment: hip, shoulder, spine, ankle and knee. Protocols, reference values and when to use each one.
Shoulder Tests: The Complete Guide to Assessing Pain, Instability and the Rotator Cuff
The most-used orthopedic shoulder tests for trainers and physical therapists: Jobe, Neer, Hawkins-Kennedy, Yergason, O'Brien and more. How to choose the right one based on symptoms.
Balance and Proprioception Tests: The Complete Guide to Assessing Fall Risk and Motor Control
The 12 most-used balance and proprioception tests in geriatrics, physical therapy and sports: TUG, Romberg, Y Balance Test, Tinetti, Berg and more. How to choose the right one for your patient or athlete.
Body Composition and Health: The Complete Guide to Tests for Trainers and Physios
A complete guide to body composition and health marker tests: skinfolds, bioimpedance, BMI, circumferences, metabolic age and more. How to choose the right one and what each result means.
Spine tests: a complete guide to assessing the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine (14 tests)
A complete guide to the 14 most commonly used spine tests in physiotherapy and training: Slump, Bragard, Adson, Spurling, Lasègue, Schober, and more. What they detect, when to use them, and how to interpret them.
Hip tests: a complete guide to orthopedic and mobility assessment
The most commonly used hip tests for trainers and physios: FABER, Trendelenburg, FADIR, Craig, Scour, log roll, and the squeeze test. Protocols, interpretation, and when to use each one.
Full-body postural analysis with a plumb line or photos: the complete guide
How to perform a complete postural analysis using a plumb line or digital photography, which anatomical landmarks to check, and how to turn it into a useful report for your client.
CMJ Test (Countermovement Jump): The Complete Guide for Trainers
Learn how to properly perform the CMJ test, how to interpret the results, and what values are normal by sex, age, and sport. A practical guide for personal trainers.
Isometric Strength Tests: What They Are, How to Use Them, and What They Tell You About Your Clients
A practical guide to the main isometric strength tests used in training and physical therapy: handgrip, knee extensors, hamstrings, and more, with reference values and protocols.
Functional assessment in physical therapy: the essential test battery
A complete guide to the most widely used functional assessment tests in physical therapy: FMS, Y-Balance, SPPB, TUG, and more. With detailed protocols and interpretation criteria.
Bar Speed Training: How to Control Optimal Training Load Without Expensive Encoders
Everything about Velocity Based Training (VBT): how to measure bar speed, load zones by velocity, reference values, and affordable alternatives to linear encoders.
Physical fitness test battery for personal trainers: what to assess, when, and how
A practical guide for personal trainers on how to structure a complete initial fitness assessment: body composition, mobility, strength, endurance, and power.
Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test: protocol, values and practical applications
A complete guide to the Yo-Yo test (levels 1 and 2): how to perform it, what it measures, reference values by sport, and how to interpret it for designing aerobic training programs.